Continuing on from Frig Engagement Debate

Continuing on from the from the debate on frig engagement:

The frog plays a significant role in the equine hoof’s biomechanics during the stance phase of locomotion. The latest research delves into its function, examining how it interacts with other hoof structures to support and distribute forces. This analysis compares shod, barefoot, and frog-supported hooves to understand these dynamics more comprehensively.

Role of the Frog During the Stance Phase

During the stance phase of locomotion, the frog comes into contact with the ground and helps in shock absorption and load distribution. The frog is a critical component in the hoof’s hydraulic system, which dissipates energy and reduces the stress on the internal structures of the hoof, such as the bones and joints.

When the hoof lands, it expands slightly, and the frog is compressed between the ground and the digital cushion. This compression aids in the pumping of blood back up the limb, enhancing circulation within the foot. The frog also plays a role in stabilizing the hoof, helping to maintain balance by offering a point of contact with the ground that complements the hoof walls and sole.

Movement at Proximal and Distal Borders

Research indicates that during the stance phase, there is movement in the hoof capsule, particularly noticeable at the proximal border near the coronary band and the distal border near the ground. Studies using high-speed videography and sensor technology have recorded these movements.

Proximal Border (Coronary Band): The coronary band experiences a slight upward and outward movement as the hoof bears weight. This movement is more pronounced in barefoot horses compared to shod horses. The expansion of the hoof wall near the coronary band is generally greater in unshod hooves due to the absence of a restrictive shoe, which allows the hoof capsule to deform more freely.

Distal Border: At the distal border, the frog and the heels exhibit a slight widening as the hoof contacts the ground. This movement is crucial for absorbing impact and distributing forces. In shod horses, this widening is typically less pronounced, as the shoe can limit the natural expansion of the hoof.

Comparisons Between Shod and Barefoot Hooves

Barefoot Hooves:

Movement: Barefoot hooves show greater hoof wall expansion, particularly at the heels and the frog. The frog contacts the ground more directly, contributing significantly to shock absorption and force distribution.

Shock Absorption: The absence of a shoe allows the frog to play a more active role in dissipating forces. The digital cushion, aided by the frog, compresses effectively, which is believed to reduce the risk of concussive injuries.
Shod Hooves: Movement: The presence of a shoe restricts the natural expansion of the hoof, particularly at the distal border. The frog’s contact with the ground is often reduced, especially if the shoe elevates the hoof above the ground level.

Shock Absorption: The shoe may reduce the frog’s effectiveness in shock absorption by lifting it slightly off the ground. However, well-fitted shoes can still allow some degree of natural hoof mechanism, although not as much as in barefoot hooves.

Hooves with Frog Support (Pads and Silicone Impressions)

Artificial Support (Pads and Silicone Impressions):

Movement: The use of frog support pads and silicone impression material aims to simulate the natural function of the frog by providing continuous contact with the ground. This setup can enhance the expansion of the hoof at the distal border, similar to a barefoot condition.

Shock Absorption: These materials help distribute forces across a broader area of the hoof, reducing peak pressures and potentially mimicking the shock-absorbing function of a healthy, barefoot frog. The digital cushion and frog are supported, which may aid in reducing fatigue in horses with compromised hoof structures.

Comparative Data:

Studies have shown that hooves with frog support show increased contact area and force distribution across the entire hoof compared to shod hooves without such support. The movement at both the proximal and distal borders tends to be closer to that observed in barefoot hooves, suggesting that frog support pads and silicone can compensate for the lack of natural hoof expansion seen in shod horses.
Key Data Findings

A study by Bowker (2013) highlighted that the frog in barefoot horses engaged in significant ground contact, contributing to a more even force distribution during the stance phase. It also noted that horses with frog support materials (e.g., pads) exhibited similar patterns of hoof expansion and contraction as barefoot horses, especially at the distal border.

A comparative study by O’Grady and Poupard (2003) observed that the coronary band in barefoot hooves showed 20-25% more upward movement compared to shod hooves, indicating greater flexibility and absorption capability. With the addition of frog support, the movement approached the levels seen in barefoot hooves, suggesting that these materials can restore some of the natural hoof mechanisms lost in shod hooves.

Conclusion:

The frog plays an essential role in equine hoof mechanics, particularly during the stance phase, where it contributes to shock absorption, stability, and force distribution. The frog’s interaction with the ground varies significantly between barefoot, shod, and frog-supported hooves. Barefoot hooves exhibit the most natural movement and force distribution, while shod hooves restrict these movements to some extent. However, using frog support materials like pads and silicone impressions can help mitigate these restrictions, restoring some of the natural dynamics seen in barefoot hooves. This research underscores the importance of considering hoof care practices that support the frog’s natural function to maintain hoof health and performance.

#hoofflix #barefoottrimmer #equinepodiatry #inspired #equinetherapy #hoofcare #farrier #equinevet #horseshoeing

Watch related video below:

Biomechanics of the equine foot mechanism Narrated by Neil Madden FWCF